Scientific papers containing information about the GISS Global Climate Middle Atmosphere Model

In Press: Rind, D., J. Lerner, J. Jonas, and C. McLinden 2006. The effects of resolution and model physics on tracer transports in the GISS GCMs. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

1. Rind, D., R. Suozzo, N.K. Balachandran, A. Lacis, and G. Russell 1988. The GISS Global Climate-Middle Atmosphere Model. Part I: Model structure and climatology. J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 329-370, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<0329:TGGCMA>2.0.CO;2. The GISS global climate model (Hansen et al.) has been extended to include the middle atmosphere up to an altitude of approximately 85 km. The model has the full array of processes used for climate research, i.e., numerical solutions of the primitive…

2. Rind, D., R. Suozzo, and N.K. Balachandran 1988. The GISS Global Climate-Middle Atmosphere Model. Part II: Model variability due to interactions between planetary waves, the mean circulation and gravity wave drag. J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 371-386, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<0371:TGGCMA>2.0.CO%3B2. The variability which arises in the GISS Global Climate-Middle Atmosphere Model on two time scales is reviewed: interannual standard deviations, derived from the five-year control run, and intraseasonal variability as exemplified by stratospheric warmings.…

3. Rind, D., and P. Lonergan 1995. Modeled impacts of stratospheric ozone and water vapor perturbations with implications for high-speed civil transport aircraft. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 7381-7396, doi:10.1029/95JD00196. Ozone and water vapor perturbations are explored in a series of experiments with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies climate/middle atmosphere model. Large perturbations to stratospheric ozone and water vapor are investigated, with and without allowing…

4. Rind, D., P. Lonergan, and K. Shah 1996. Climatic effect of water vapor release in the upper troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 29395-29405, doi:10.1029/96JD02747. Water vapor is released into the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) global climate middle atmosphere model at the locations and cruise altitide of subsonic aircraft. A range of water vapor values is used to simulate not only current and 2015 projected…

5. Rind, D., D. Shindell, P. Lonergan, and N.K. Balachandran 1998. Climate change and the middle atmosphere. Part III: The doubled CO2 climate revisited. J. Climate 11, 876-894, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<0876:CCATMA>2.0.CO;2. The response of the troposphere-stratosphere system to doubled atmospheric CO2 is investigated in a series of experiments in which sea surface temperatures are allowed to adjust to radiation imbalances. The Goddard Institute for Space Studies…

6. Rind, D., J. Lerner, and C. McLinden 2001. Changes of tracer distributions in the doubled CO climate. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 28061-28079, doi:10.1029/2001JD000439. Changes in tracer distribution in the troposphere and stratosphere are calculated from a control and doubled CO2 climate simulation run with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies Global Climate Middle Atmosphere Model. Transport changes are…

7. Rind, D., M. Chandler, P. Lonergan, and J. Lerner 2001. Climate change and the middle atmosphere: 5. Paleostratosphere in cold and warm climates. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 20195-20212, doi:10.1029/2000JD900548. The GISS Global Climate Middle Atmosphere Model is used to investigate how the stratosphere would have changed during two palotime periods: the cold Last Glacial Maxium (~21,000 years ago) and the warm Paleocene (58 million years ago). Uncertainties in…

8. Rind, D., D. Shindell, Ju. Perlwitz, J. Lerner, P. Lonergan, J. Lean, and C. McLinden 2004. The relative importance of solar and anthropogenic forcing of climate change between the Maunder Minimum and the present. J. Climate 17, 906-929, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0906:TRIOSA>2.0.CO;2. The climate during the Maunder Minimum is compared with current conditions in GCM simulations that include a full stratosphere and parameterized ozone response to solar spectral irradiance variability and trace gas changes. The Goddard Institute for Space…

9. Shah, K.P., D. Rind, and P. Lonergan 1996. Could high-speed civil transport aircraft impact stratospheric and tropospheric temperatures measured by microwave sounding unit?. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 28711-28721, doi:10.1029/96JD02721. A radiative transfer postprocessor calculates microwave brightness temperatures Tb from climate experiments investigating supersonic aircraft exhaust impacts with the Global Climate/Middle Atmosphere Model (GCMAM) at the NASA Goddard Institute…

10. Rind, D., E.-W. Chiou, W. Chu, J. Larsen, S. Oltmans, J. Lerner, M.P. McCormick, and L. McMaster 1991. Positive water vapour feedback in climate models confirmed by satellite data. Nature 349, 500-503, doi:10.1038/349500a0. Chief among the mechanisms thought to amplify the global climate response to increase concentrations of trace gases is the atmospheric water vapor feedback. As the oceans and atmosphere warm, there is increased evaporation, and it has been generally thought…

11. Rind, D., Ju. Perlwitz, and P. Lonergan 2005. AO/NAO response to climate change: 1. Respective influences of stratospheric and tropospheric climate changes. J. Geophys. Res. 110, D12107, doi:10.1029/2004JD005103. 1We utilize the GISS Global Climate Middle Atmosphere Model and eight different climate change experiments, many of them focused on stratospheric climate forcings, to assess the relative influence of tropospheric and stratospheric climate change on the…

12. Rind, D., R. Suozzo, N.K. Balachandran, and M.J. Prather 1990. Climate change and the middle atmosphere. Part I: The doubled CO2 climate. J. Atmos. Sci. 47, 475-494, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<0475:CCATMA>2.0.CO;2. The impact of doubled atmospheric CO2 on the climate of the middle atmosphere is investigated using the GISS global climate/middle atmosphere model. In the standard experiment, the CO2 concentration is doubled both in the stratosphere…

13. Wong, S., M.J. Prather, and D.H. Rind 1999. Seasonal and interannual variability of the budgets of N2O and CCl3F. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 23899-23909. The 6-year wind archives from the Goddard Institute for Space Studies/Global Climate-Middle Atmosphere Model (GISS/GCMAM) were input to the GISS/Harvard/Irvine Chemical Transport Model (G/H/I CTM) to study the seasonal and interannual variability of the…

14. Rind, D., J. Lerner, J. Jonas, and C. McLinden 2006. The effects of resolution and model physics on tracer transports in the GISS GCMs. J. Geophys. Res., in press. We explore the dependency of GCM tracer transports on model physics, horizontal and vertical resolution. We use GISS Model E at 4°×5° with 20 and 23 layers, and the GISS Global Climate Middle Atmosphere Model 3 at 4°×5° with…

15. Rind, D., N.K. Balachandran, and R. Suozzo 1992. Climate change and the middle atmosphere. Part II: The impact of volcanic aerosols. J. Climate 5, 189-208, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<0189:CCATMA>2.0.CO;2. The effcts of volcanic aerosols on the middle atmosphere are investigated with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) Global Climate/Middle Atmosphere model. Volcanic aerosols with a visible optical depth of 0.15 are put into the lower stratosphere...